Mechanical

Hydraulic Braking System       A hydraulic braking system transmits brake-pedal force to the wheel brakes through pressurized fluid, converting the fluid pressure into useful work of braking at the wheels. A simple, single-line hydraulic layout used to operate a drum and disc brake system is illustrated in Fig. 28.36. The brake pedal relays the driver’s foot effort to the master-cylinder piston, which compresses the brake fluid. This fluid pressure is equally transmitted throughout the fluid to the front disc-caliper pistons and to the rear wheel-cylinder pistons. As per the regulations a separate mechanical parking brake must be incorporated with at least two wheels. This provision also allows the driver to stop the vehicle in the event of failure of the hydraulic brake system.

INTRODUCTION            With the technological enhancement a lot of new technologies are arriving in the world. Many industries got their faces due to the arrival of these technologies. An automobile technology is one of them. As a part of automobile, there are also innovations in brake. The commonly used types of brakes used in automobiles are drum and disc brakes. Various types of braking system used are hydraulic,pneumatic etc.

Definition of automobile       brake system Actually, vehicle can be regard as energy conversion device, which transfers the momentum into heat, in other words, which transfers the kinetic energy into thermal energy. The brakes are used to reduce the speed of the vehicle, and the speed of conversion determines the rate of the vehicle slows down.

INTRODUCTION      A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a live axle.Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that usesgears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device. In British English, the term transmission refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts.

Carburetion  Introduction       Spark-ignition engines normally use volatile liquid fuels. Preparation of fuel-air mixture is done outside the engine cylinder and formation of a homogeneous mixture is normally not completed in the inlet manifold. Fuel droplets, which remain in suspension, continue to evaporate and mix with air even during suction and compression processes. The process of mixture preparation is extremely important for spark-ignition engines. The purpose of carburetion is to provide a combustible mixture of fuel and air in the required quantity and quality for efficient operation of the engine under all conditions.

How a Turbocharger Works            The turbocharger has been a great source of maximizing efficiency of an internal combustion engine since the late 1920’s. Alfred Buchi was the engineer that came up with the idea to utilize the wasted energy that is expelled through the exhaust system. It was in 1915 that he created his first prototype, which failed. This however did not stop the persistent inventor. He worked on it for another 10 years before he produced the first practical, functioning turbocharger that increase efficiency of an engine by 40%.

  Thermal processing of metals and alloys      Apart from mechanical processing, metals are very often subjected to thermal processing for various reasons, like: to refine grain structure/size, to minimize residual stresses, to impart phase changes, to develop special phases over external surfaces, etc. Metals and alloys develop requisite properties by thermal processing either through grain refinement of phase changes. Thermal processing is also known as heat treatment. Heat treatment originated as an ancient art in man’s attempts to improve the performance of materials in their practical applications. In present day metallurgical practice, heat treatment has become very important for obvious reasons.